Passive Audio Stereo-to-Surround Adapter

Below is a passive surround converter/adapter circuit diagram. To make this circuit works, passive surround doesn’t required any active components. This circuit only need the combined of resistors and electrolytic capacitors. Do not use woofer or tweeter speakers for rear speakers but use full range type of speaker. We must use 5W resistor. Usage of 1/4 or 1/2 watt resistor […]

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NPN Transistor Darlington Configuration

In the Darlington configuration, this emitter follower has a pair of transistors. The emitter current of one transistor becomes the base current of the second in this arrangement. The Darlington configuration acts like one transistor with a beta which is the product of the betas of the two transistors. Where high output currents are needed, they can be used. The […]

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Transistor Buffer for Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Buffering for the zener is provided by the impedance matching and current amplifying characteristics of the emitter follower and draw less current from it. To a Zener regulator, it’s a useful adjunct. The capacitor on the right circuit is used to reduce ripple. Other variation of capacitor placement for noise reduction, you can just add the capacitor in parallel with […]

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